Interaction of ultrashort pulses with molecules and solids: Physics and applications

The interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with molecules and solids is an extremely complex area of science research encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. The physics of interaction has been fairly understood over the last couple of decades and, consequently, several applications have been envisaged from these interactions in the fields of photonics, lithography, biomedicine, sensing, telecommunications etc. In the present article we describe three different components of interaction of ultrashort pulses with matter: (1) with liquid molecules/thin films wherein we present the results from our studies of optical nonlinearities predominantly using picosecond and femtosecond pulses, (2) with molecules/solids wherein plasma generated from the surface was studied for applications in understanding the molecular dynamics and towards identifying high-energy molecules and (3) within the bulk and on the surface of solids (e.g. glasses, bulk polymers and metals) resulting in micro- and nanostructures. Different applications resulting from such interactions in photonics and microfluidics are presented and discussed.     

Differential equation dynamical system based assessment model in GNSS interoperability

With the development of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS),the idea of GNSS interoperability is born and has become the focus of study in the field of satellite navigation.The popularity for GNSS to augment the interoperability with the existing ones necessitates the study of the assessment algorithm of this idea.In this paper,an assessment algorithm for interoperability comprehensive benefits based on the differential equation dynamical system is discussed.There are two important aspects in GNSS tha...     

A combined experimental and theoretical study of the charge-transfer compound between C60Br8 and tetrathiafulvalene

C60Br8, unlike C60Br6 and C60Cl6, forms a solid charge-transfer compound with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), the composition being C60Br8 (TTF)8.The unique complex-forming property of C60Br8 can be understood on the basis of the electronic structures of the halogenated derivatives of C60. Molecular orbital calculations show that the low LUMO energy of C60Br8 compared with the other halogen derivatives renders the formation of the complex with TTF favourable, the four virtual LUMOs being able to accept 8 electrons. The Raman spectrum of C60Br8(TTF)8 shows a marked softening of the bands (-46 cm-1 on average) with respect to C60Br8, suggesting that indeed 8 electrons are transferred per C60Br8 molecule,one from each TTF molecule.The complex is weakly paramagnetic and shows a magnetic transition around 80 K.     

Graphene grafted silica‐coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite as absorbent for enrichment of carbamates from cucumbers and pears prior to HPLC

In this paper, a novel graphene (G) grafted silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was fabricated by the chemical bonding of G onto the surface of silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Some carbamates (metolcarb, carbaryl, pirimicarb, and diethofencarb) in cucumber and pear samples were enriched by this nanocomposite prior to their determination by HPLC with UV detection. Experimental parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, a linear response was achieved in the concentration range of 0.5–100.0 ng/g for metolcarb, carbaryl, and diethofencarb, and 1.0–100 ng/g for pirimicarb with the correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.9956 to 0.9984. The LOD (S/N = 3) of the method were found to be in the range from 0.08 to 0.2 ng/g. The RSDs were in the range from 2.4 to 5.8%. The results indicated that the G grafted silica‐coated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was stable and efficient for magnetic SPE and has a great application potential for the preconcentration of other organic pollutants from real samples.     

磁性碳纳米管表面铅离子印迹聚合物的制备及应用

以乙烯基修饰的磁性碳纳米管为基质,Pb2+为模板,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,制备出一种对Pb2+具有特异吸附能力的新型磁性印迹聚合物(MWNTs/MIIPs)。采用扫描电镜、红外光谱和振动样品磁强计等技术并对该印迹聚合物的形态、化学结构和性能进行表征。吸附实验结果表明,所制备的MWNTs/MIIPs对Pb2+具有良好的吸附和选择识别能力,最大吸附量为25.9 mg/g;选择吸附实验结果表明,Pb2+/Cu2+,Pb2+/Zn2+,Pb2+/Co2+,Pb2+/Mg2+,Pb2+/Cd2+以及Pb2+/Ni2+的选择因子分别是2.3,2.5,2.1,2.2,2.1和2.4。结合原子吸收光谱分析技术,此MWNTs/MIIPs成功应用于实际样品中微量Pb2+的分离富集,富集倍数可达40.5倍。     

Novel chiral dimesogenic bidentate ligands and their Cu(II) and Pd(II) metal complexes

The synthesis and characterization of cholesterol-based dimesogenic bidentate ligands and their Cu(II) and Pd(II) metallomesogens are reported in detail. To understand structure-property relationships in these materials the terminal alkoxy chains and the central metal atom have been varied. Our studies reveal that chiral dimesogenic bidentate ligands with n-butyloxy chains exhibit smectic A (SmA), twist grain boundary and chiral nematic (N*) mesophases while substitution with either n -decyloxy or 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy chains also show a ferroelectrically switchable chiral smectic C (SmC*) mesophase. The metal complexes with n-butyloxy chains show only the SmA phase whereas higher chain length derivatives exhibit N* phase irrespective of the metal atom present. The ligands are thermally stable whereas their metal complexes, especially Pd(II) systems, seem to be heat sensitive. Spontaneous polarization, response time and tilt angle measurements have been carried out in the smectic C* phase of the two ligands.     

A New Series of C‐6 Unsubstituted Tetrahydropyrimidines: Convenient One‐Pot Chemoselective Synthesis,Aggregation‐Induced and Size‐Independent Emission Characteristics

A new series of C‐6 unsubstituted tetrahydropyrimidines 6 have been directly synthesized via a convenient urea‐catalyzed chemoselective five‐component reaction (5CR) under mild conditions. Compounds 6 show typical aggregation‐induced emission enhancement (AIEE) characteristics because they are practically no emissive in solution but emit blue or green fluorescence in aggregates with fluorescence yield up to 93 %. One of the 5CR products, 6 aa , exhibits blue‐ and green‐fluorescence aggregates (bf‐ and gf‐aggregates). The bf‐ and gf‐aggregates are prepared under different conditions and proved to result from different J‐aggregations by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. In addition, the bf‐ and gf‐aggregates of 6 aa show unusual size‐independent emission (SIE) characteristics because their maximum emission wavelengths in different sizes (suspension particles, film, powder and crystals) are the same, 434 and 484 nm, respectively. Based on the obtained experimental results, the 5CR mechanism, the origins of AIEE and SIE characteristics are discussed.     

平衡均匀水平试验确定挥发性有机化合物测量方法的精密度

挥发性有机化合物通常使用吹扫捕集色谱法检测。在7家协作实验室进行平衡均匀水平试验,测定了水中氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、二氯甲烷、反-1,2-二氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烷、氯仿、1,1,1-三氯乙烷等24种挥发性有机化合物。测量结果经一致性和离群值检验后,计算得重复性标准差范围为0.085～5.350μg/L,再现性标准差范围为0.096～7.737μg/L。对标准差和平均值拟合函数关系,得到精密度最终值。     

基于金纳米棒刻蚀比色法检测铁、铜离子

采用种子生长法制备金纳米棒(AuNRs)以构建光学传感器,用于 Fe³⁺和 Cu²⁺的高选择性快速可视化检测。在酸性环境中,Fe³⁺和 Cu²⁺通过与 KI溶液反应,将 I^-氧化成 I₂。I₂刻蚀 AuNRs,导致其纵向表面等离子体共振(LSPR)吸收峰蓝移,从而实现对Fe³⁺和Cu²⁺的检测。结果表明,反应温度为50℃时,添加0.8 mL 0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl、2 mL AuNRs生长液和20 mmol·L^-1 KI溶液,与 2 mL 500 μmol·L^-1 Fe³⁺或 30 μmol·L^-1 Cu²⁺反应 25或 90 min,可将 AuNRs刻蚀至 LSPR 吸收峰消失。该方法对 Fe³⁺和 Cu²⁺检测具有高选择性和准确性,对于 Fe³⁺、Cu²⁺共存体系的检测,可通过加入适量 F-与 Fe³⁺生成配合物[FeF₆]3^-完成对 Fe³⁺的化学掩蔽,消除Fe³⁺的干扰,实现共存体系中Cu²⁺的准确检测。     

(PtAuPt)HN/GC的制备及对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

以Se溶胶为模板,合成了多层核壳结构的Se@Pt@Au@Pt实心纳米粒子;采用化学与电化学相结合的除硒方法制得了(PtAuPt)HN/GC,并表征了(PtAuPt-Se)HN的表面形貌、结构与组成;以甲酸为探针分子,比较了(PtAuPt)HN/GC和Pt/C/GC对甲酸氧化的电催化行为,发现(PtAuPt)HN/GC催化甲酸氧化只有1个氧化峰,峰电位和峰电流分别约为0.35V和1.22mA/cm2,而Pt/C/GC则有2个氧化峰,在0.35V时所对应的电流密度仅约为0.30mA/cm2,前者在该电位时的电流密度是后者的4倍;在0.30mA/cm2的电流密度下,(PtAuPt)HN/GC对应的电极电位为0.01V,比Pt/C/GC负移了340mV;在600s时的计时电流分别为0.06和0.02mA/cm2.(PtAuPt)HN对甲酸氧化的电催化活性不但比Pt/C高,而且具有一定的抗CO中毒性能.